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This new format was likely introduced (instead of extending JARs) because there is a special meaning for directories within this new archive-based format that is not backwards compatible with JARs that already use the same directory names. JMODs are designed to be used at both compile time and link time, but not at run time. executables, native libraries, configurations, legal licenses, etc) that are consumed at the optional link time phase when building a custom JRE.
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JMODs: A new format based on the ZIP file format for bundling the same contents that a JAR can contain, but with support for additional files (e.g. Almost every library or dependency has, is, and will be using this format, so it is glossed over in this section. JARs can be added to the classpath with the java -cp/ -classpath flags. This is the de-facto mainstream standard set forth since JDK 1.1 in 1997. JARs: The classical format based on the ZIP file format for bundling classes and resources into the classpath at run time. Here is a non-exhaustive overview of the purposes of each: The high level description of a JARs, JMODs, and JIMAGEs do not quickly lend themselves to an explanation that strongly differentiates between the roles of the three file formats. The new module system brings significant benefits to the Java ecosystem that have been discussed at length elsewhere, and are thus not further elaborated in detail here. This is especially useful for shipping a minimal custom JRE, such as for lean Docker images. This introduces a new notion of an optional link time phase between the traditional phases in the compile time -> run time pipeline.įor an example of the advantages of using jlink, a minimalist JRE built from JDK 15 with only the java.base module comes out to roughly ~40MB in size, in stark juxtaposition to JDK 15's ~310MB size. jimages.Ī significant takeaway of this new module system is that the CLI tool jlink enables developers to build a custom JRE that contains only relevant standard library and external dependencies for their applications.
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As part of this release, the CLI utilities jmod, jimage, and jlink were introduced along with new file formats for JMODs/. Java 9 introduced Project Jigsaw in ' JEP 261: Module System', a novel module system that can be used to minimize startup times and the size of JREs. There is a strong emphasis throughout this post on the CLI tool jlink, since JMODs are designed specifically for this new optional link time phase that the tool introduces.
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This long-winded answer is more complexly motivated and sheds some light into how the new module system fundamentally operates. At the time of writing, Maven does not appear to offer strong support for JMODs beyond the alpha release plugin :maven-jmod-plugin.
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The role of JMODs is at compile time and link time, and are not designed to be used at run time.įor the average library/application, only JARs should be built and pushed, instead of JMODs only under certain conditions will JMODs offer critical functionality that is needed during the link time phase. From the relevant bundled JARs and JMODs dependencies, classes and file resources will be written into a single optimized JIMAGE file, located at /lib/modules (replacing /lib/rt.jar in Java 8 and prior versions). executables and native libraries are placed under /bin). These additional files are not available as resources at run time in the classpath, but are instead installed under various locations in the built JRE (e.g. executables, native libraries, configurations, legal licenses, etc). class and resource files, JMODs (i.e.jmod files) contain additional files that are consumed specifically in the new optional link time phase to customize the JRE (e.g. As of JDK 9+, all of Java's standard library has been broken up into JMODs, located at /jmods. jlink bundles all explicit/transitive JAR modules/JMOD dependencies into a minified JRE all other unreachable dependencies in the dependency graph (starting from specified root modules) are not bundled into the built JRE. Java 9's new module system, Project Jigsaw, introduces the notion of a new optional link time phase, which occurs when the using the CLI tool jlink to build a custom space-optimized JRE. Constructive, structural, or grammatical edits are more than welcome to improve readability for future readers. Here is an in-depth explanation of system, from my understanding.Ī warning: Parts of this answer are rather long, verbose, partially redundant, and a tough read. The purpose of JMODs are not well documented and existing documentation is rather sparse.